Breeding and Genetics Exam 1 Practice

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• Which of the following are examples of highly heritable traits?
• What is a genome?
• Which statement describes a permanent environment?
• For traits with moderate heritability, which statement best describes expected selection response?
• What is gene frequency?
• What should be done if not all animals can be measured?
• In testing qualitative traits with complete dominance, one option is to mate the sire with a dam that is known to be a carrier. Is this statement listed as a testing approach?
• What is the central dogma of life?
• Which of the following describes the three parts of a nucleotide?
• What is a parameter?
• What sets the limit to an animal's performance?
• What is a linkage?
• What is a con of migration?
• Which statement best describes the difference between gene frequency and genotypic frequency?
• What is random sampling?
• What does recombination generate?
• Is there such thing as a perfect contemporary group?
• What do loci that are far apart tend to do?
• Which part of a gene forms the coding sequence that can be translated into protein?
• Which of the following are two methods to account for environmental differences in phenotype data?
• Which of the following are examples of lowly heritable traits?
• What is a mating system?
• Which statement best describes a population parameter?
• In animal breeding, migration is defined as
• Which of the following is NOT one of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions?
• What is the genetic model?
• Which statement best describes the purpose of repeatability in performance records?
• Which statement best describes heritability and repeatability?
• When local data are scarce, which data source informs heritability estimates?
• What is gene combination value?
• In population genetics, selecting parents with many favorable alleles is known as
• What does Mendel's second law (Segregation) state?
• What is the idea of random drift?
• For traits that are repeatable across an animal's lifetime, such as litter size or milk yield, what is primarily used to predict phenotype?
• What happens when we change the gene frequency in a population?
• Which statement best defines regression?
• What is the result of meiosis?
• In birds, which sex chromosomes determine sex, and which is female vs male?
• What do loci closely linked tend to do?
• What is a primary strategy to resolve the environmental complication in phenotype prediction?
• In statistics, what does selection change?
• Before a sample variance is a good approximation of the population variance, what is needed?
• How many nitrogenous bases are there in DNA?
• Does recessive genes mean they are all bad?
• What is mutation?
• What are the 5 conditions of Hardy-Weinberg?
• What do genes code for?
• What are the typical ranges of correlation values?
• When adjusting records for environmental effects, which two factor models are commonly used?
• What is a locus?
• What is a variable?
• To make effective decisions and be successful in breeding, what two things do we need?
• Does heritability change across species, breeds, and populations?
• What are the three components of a gene?
• Records should be adjusted for known sources of variation that are recurring and predictable. Which phrase best describes these sources?
• Which trait characteristic is most relevant when considering heritability for selection?
• Are SNPs located just on genes?
• To isolate genetic value, genetic values should be expressed as deviations from what?
• Which statement describes that genetic value includes components that the breeding value does not?
• Qualitative traits are relatively easy to manipulate through genetic management. Which statement best reflects this?
• Which statement best describes Mendel's law of independent assortment?
• Which statement correctly links variance to the distribution of data around the mean?
• Which of the following is NOT part of a nucleotide?
• Which of the following is not typically a moderately heritable trait?
• How should non-recurring environmental effects be accounted for in phenotype data?
• How do BV and EBV differ in terms of the genetic loci they summarize?
• Which term describes environmental effects that affect the entire group rather than a single animal?
• What is an allele?
• Natural selection is characterized by differential survival and reproduction based on fitness.
• In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what happens to genotype frequencies across generations if allele frequencies remain constant?
• In animal breeding, what defines a contemporary group?
• What questions should you ask if you find out you have a deleterious allele in your herd?
• Why do we need to measure all animals?
• Which statement best describes why recessive deleterious alleles persist in populations?
• Animal breeding primarily involves which activity?
• What is the second use of heritability in animal breeding?
• A karyotype provides information about what aspects of a cell?
• Which components comprise genetic value G?
• Macro-environment refers to which of the following?
• Correlation is described as which of the following?
• Which of the following is an example of a macro-environment factor?
• What describes a chromosome?
• Meiosis produces which type of daughter cells?
• Which statement is true about DNA’s content?
• Which process yields two diploid daughter cells?
• Which statement best describes a quantitative trait locus (QTL)?
• What is epistasis?
• Do qualitative traits generally have little environmental effect?
• Which of the following best describes a sample?
• What is a population?
• What is a karyotype?
• What happens during crossing over?
• Which term refers to a record of information such as the weight of an animal?
• In the genetic model, what does genotype represent?
• Which statement about the environment is true according to the discussed framework?
• The primary purpose of adjusting records for known environmental differences is to improve estimation of what?
• What is the benefit of using multiple dams and sires in a population evaluation?
• If a trait has high heritability, it is likely to show a relatively large response to selection.
• Which statements describe qualitative traits?
• What is the primary role of animal breeders in the context of selection?
• In mammals, what are the sex chromosome configurations for female and male individuals?
• What is heritability in the narrow sense?
• The greatest advantage of animal breeding compared to other disciplines is that...
• In the central dogma, what is produced first from DNA?
• Which of the following is NOT an example of a micro-environment factor?
• Approximately what range contains 95% of a population for a normally distributed trait?
• Which option correctly states that lowly heritable traits include reproduction, health, and survival?
• Another testing option is to mate to a random population of known allele frequency. Which choice represents this option?
• What is a practical implication of a trait being quantitative?
• What is breeding value?
• A micro-environment is defined as:
• Independent assortment leads to equal proportions of all possible gametes when?
• Can epistasis be sex-influenced?
• A further option is to mate the sire to his daughter. Which choice corresponds to this option?
• In this context, a phenotype is exemplified by which option?
• What is considered low, moderate, and high heritability?
• Which process primarily generates new combinations of alleles in offspring?
• What is fitness?
• Which type of dominance is the problem in testing qualitative traits?
• Which of the following is NOT a method to measure covariation?
• Which factor is true about epistasis?
• Variance, standard deviation, and standard error are what type of measures?
• What is a consequence of a small population size on random drift?
• Breeding value (BV) is associated with a single locus.
• What does Mendel's first law (Dominance) state according to the material?
• Why is statistics important in animal breeding?
• How can breeders change phenotypic value if phenotype is constant?
• What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
• What is artificial selection?
• What does variance mean?
• In describing a population we often want some indication of what?
• Mendel's three laws are listed as which of the following?
• How should records be adjusted according to standard practice?
• What does the T-test measure?
• What is covariance defined as?
• Which of the following best defines a trait?
• How many alleles do individuals have for a gene?
• What is the main difference between dominance and epistasis as described in the source?
• What are the three ways to describe measures of spread?
• How can mutations be used in biotechnology?
• How can we determine the breeding value?
• Approximately what range contains 68% of a population for a normally distributed trait?
• Which statement is not part of Mendel's laws as listed?
• Which statement correctly describes EBV in comparison to BV?
• What does 'environment' represent in the genetic model?
• Are mutations rare or common?
• When selecting animals for a trait with high heritability, selection will be:
• What is a quantitative trait locus (QTL)?
• In predicting phenotype from genotype, what is the primary complication introduced by the environment?
• What is covariance and what type of measurement is it?
• What is a quantitative trait?
• Why do deleterious alleles tend to be recessive?
• What is an observation?
• If two genes are on the same chromosome and close together, what is likely about their inheritance?
• If two loci are far apart on the same chromosome, what is expected during meiosis?
• Which is the most powerful force for changing gene frequency in the short term?
• Which statement best describes a statistic?
• Because migration is a one-time event, what may be required later to achieve further genetic changes?
• What are 4 ways to change gene frequency?
• Which term best describes the concept of how two traits vary together in a population?
• What are three ways to describe central tendency?
• What is the main problem with qualitative traits?
• What is selection?
• Qualitative traits are described by which type of classifications?
• In the genetic value equation G = A + D + I, what does A represent?
• Which of the following are among the recommended adjustment factors used to adjust records?
• To guide selection decisions when local data are scarce, which data source is most appropriate?
• Which option lists traits that are typically highly heritable?
• Which of the following are examples of gene editing tools mentioned?
• What happens to the breeding value when importing sires or dams?
• Which part of a gene is typically non-coding?
• Which option correctly lists the features of a good contemporary group?
• Which statement about DNA is true?
• Which statement is false about heritability and repeatability?
• If a trait has high heritability, which statement is true?
• What are the characteristics of quantitative traits?
• One major concern about gene editing is that it must be regulated as a new drug.
• What is a qualitative trait?
• Which of the following is a practical use of heritability in a breeding program?
• How many laws did Mendel formulate as described in the material?
• Which of the following is an example of a known recurring and predictable source of variation?
• What is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)?
• Mendelian sampling describes the origin of chromosome copies in gametes. On average, a gamete contains equal parts from sire and dam for each chromosome, but recombination adds more mix. What does Mendelian sampling refer to?
• What is the transmittable gene effect?
• Which statement best explains why qualitative traits are easier to manage genetically?
• The environment is typically split into which two broad categories?
• What is the primary purpose of forming a contemporary group?
• What are two reasons we test males and not females?
• Which statement is true about low heritability traits?
• Which statement describes a temporary environment?
• Which statement accurately describes chromosomes?
• Heritability can be used to decide which traits to select for.
• What is heritability (h2)?
• Which statement best describes a transmittable gene effect?
• Regression allows us to do what?
• When using heritability, which statement about the cost of measurement is correct?
• Can we entirely get rid of environmental noise?
• As animal breeders, which cellular process are we primarily interested in?
• Which of the following is a pro of migration?
• To determine ONLY the genetic value, what must we do?
• What is genotypic frequency?
• Which statement best defines the expected progeny difference (EPD) for a trait?
• What is a sample?
• What is repeatability?
• Do genes always assort independently?
• Three ways to know if a defect is genetic or environmental?
• Which statement best describes a trait with low heritability?
• How can we view a quantitative trait?
• What are the cons to gene editing?
• What is the genetic value of an animal?
• A correlation value near zero indicates what about the relationship between two traits?
• Which is an example of a micro-environment factor?
• How can we predict the progeny breeding value?
• Which measure is typically described as being in the same units as the data and used to describe dispersion?
• What are three ways to measure covariation?
• What is the difference between the variance and the standard deviation?
• What is a normal distribution?
• What does EBV stand for?
• Which statement best describes the effect of environment on trait variation when heritability is moderate to low?
• Which of the following is an example of a macro-environment factor?
• Approximately what range contains 99% of a population for a normally distributed trait?
• Do qualitative traits require numeric definitions?
• What is the effect of measurement bias on the estimated contemporary group mean?
• What is covariation?
• What are sister chromatids?
• What is polymorphism?
• If the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium what can we assume?
• In practice, for which species is adjusting records generally considered almost useless?
• How can we determine how large a population size needs to be to avoid the risk due to chance?
• How is correlation described?
• What is natural selection?
• What are statistical tests?
• What is heritability in the broad sense?
• What defines a diploid cell?
• What is a statistic?
• Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis is called?
• How do genetic value and breeding value differ?
• What is the correct sequence described by the central dogma?
• If an imported sire is evaluated in its home population, why might its breeding value be misaligned in the new population?
• Which term describes the additive genetic merit transmitted from parents to offspring and used to predict progeny performance?
• Why does increasing the number of animals improve the accuracy of the mean in a contemporary group?
• What determines whether a correlation is considered favorable or unfavorable in a breeding program?
• Which of the following are moderately heritable traits?
• What is the easiest way to test for deleterious recessive genes?
• What is the result of mitosis?
• In breeding terms, which description best defines a population?
• If you have a small herd and need heritability estimates, what is the recommended approach?
• Which two core tasks do animal breeders perform?
• What is recombination?
• Which environment is defined as affecting the animal for the rest of its life?
• Which statement accurately describes alleles at a gene locus?
• What is a trait?